Equal Outcomes Vs. Equal Opportunities Essays - Social Inequality

Equal Outcomes Vs. Equal Opportunities Equal Outcomes vs. Equal Opportunities Description: If you take all the change out of your pocket and look at the tail side of each coin you will find written in Latin the motto of the United States of America; e pluribus Unum. It states : out of many, one. This statement suggests that there are many different cultures that comprise our country, and all these cultures are as one. The United States political system has enacted numerous policies in order to ensure the equality promised by this motto among all the people of this Nation. Due to the discrimination that is sadly, still a part of this society, blacks, Indians (of both vernaculars), Hispanics, women, gays, and the disabled are sometimes denied the opportunity to the outcomes enjoyed by the majority. Policy makers fight every day concerning a persons ability to receive the same equal opportunities and equal results (or outcomes) as everyone else. It is important to distinguish the difference between equal opportunity and equal outcomes. An employer who offers equal opportunity does not discriminate based on a persons race, creed, or disability. That employer makes sure that everyone has a chance to achieve a certain outcome. Equal outcomes is making sure that everyone ends up at the same place. For instance if a crippled man and a Olympic runner were to race, in order to achieve an equal outcome the crippled man would have to start well before the Olympic runner. Equal outcomes is rooted in discrimination because it looks at a persons race, creed, or disability in order to place them where they can finish the race at the same time. Each of these policies have beneficial effects on our society. Equal Opportunity employment has made it possible for people of all races to enter the national workforce, avoiding the discrimination of the past. By doing so it has diversified the workplace adding new levels of thinking and efficiency. Equal Outcome policies have made sure that all races, creeds, and peoples with disabilities are proportionally represented in the work place. This has sent a message to the minority that it is possible to for their group to succeed in a given workforce, thus giving them motivation to strive for the best and eventually eliminating the need for an equal outcome policy. With the implementation of such equal outcome policies, in time the workplace will become a equal opportunity for everyone. With the rise of equal outcome/equal opportunity policies, many problems have risen, however, that present a detriment to egalitarianism. Equal opportunity policies all too often go too far and focus more on equal outcome policies such as quotas. Quotas are hiring based on the percentage of a certain minority in a community. For instance, if there are two percent Asians, and ten percent Hispanics in an area, then a company will hire two percent Asians, and ten percent Hispanics. This is unfavorable because if a company has a position open and needs Asians to fulfill its quotas, they will pass over a more qualified white male to hire the Asian and meet its requirement. Though equal outcomes strives to eliminate discrimination, it forces employers to discriminate against a possibly more qualified individual in order to meet a quota. Analysis: If the United States Government were to implement a policy to increase equal opportunity what would be the effects? Companies would no longer be able to discriminate in the employment process, which in itself is the goal of equality programs. Equal equality programs represent social progress towards minority groups. The continuation of such programs is a sign that society is more readily accepting minority groups on a whole. This shift in societal mindset will be reflected in the views of Americas youth, and by doing so, killing discrimination more and more every year. An equal opportunity program would allow students from lower income, less competitive school districts to enter into a college experience that at one time was denied to them. This will better prepare the student for the real world. Equal opportunity policies, however, are often self defeating. Equal opportunity employment would make the employer focus on not discriminating in the hiring process. By focusing in on that the employer might make a decision based solely on the applicants race. By trying not to make a choice based on race, the employer ends up doing just that. An equal opportunity policy would only end up focusing on the wrong goals. For instance, if a prestigious college accepts

Free Essays on Annabel Lee

The poem â€Å"Annabel Lee† by Edgar Allen Poe depicts the deep anguish of a man who has lost the love of his life. Using poetic elements such as imagery and sensory perception, Poe illustrates a fairytale-like romance that is tragically cut short, perceivably by envious angels in heaven. The language and tone of the poem vividly shows the narrator’s resentment towards the cruel forces that took his love away and simultaneously exemplifies a love so strong that it transcends all things. The voice of the poem is that of a man who is struggling with feelings of bitterness and pain because of the death of his love, Annabel Lee. The story seems to be told years after the death of the young maiden, â€Å"It was many and many a year ago†, yet the tone of voice allows us to see how fresh the pain still is to the man. Because there are many references to the sea (the kingdom was by the sea and she was buried by the sea), the speaker appears to be someone who has a connection to and a love for the ocean and nature (despite the fact that it is a steady reminder, or maybe even the actual cause of her death). The reference to â€Å"the demons down under the sea†, seem to suggest this (perhaps Annabel Lee had drowned). The speaker, however, is convinced that something much more disturbing and complex has taken place: a conspiracy by the covetous and jealous angels in Heaven has taken away his love. (He fills the need to place blame somewhere.) He is angry, yet de termined, even though Annabel Lee is physically gone, to be with his love, in spirit, forever â€Å"And neither the angels in heaven above, Nor the demons down under the sea, Can ever dissever my soul from the soul Of the beautiful Annabel Lee†. Although it has been many years ago since her death, everything reminds the speaker of his love, â€Å"For the moon never beams, without bringing me dreams of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And the stars never rise, but I feel the bright eyes of the beaut... Free Essays on Annabel Lee Free Essays on Annabel Lee Edgar Allan Poe in his poem, ‘Annabelle Lee’ (869) uses various techniques to reveal his theme. It is largely his interest in examining a â€Å"spiritual passion that transcends human limits† which inspired Poe to write his poem (Johnson pg. 2). He does this by the use of persona, imagery, settings, rhythm/rhyme and words. In his poem, Poe uses persona to reveal his emotions in the form of a fairy tale. â€Å"It is his personal story of lost love which achieves its unique effects through its narrative voice†(Reilly pg. 2). His experience having losing his wife, whom he marries when she was only thirteen, has affected his personal life. It seems difficult for him to erase her memories from his thoughts. â€Å"It is the character of the young man who lost his lover that is talking to us through this poem†(Kelly pg. 3). This becomes obvious when he says, â€Å"But we loved with a love that was more than love, I and my Annabelle Lee†(869). Poe sees it natural to continually mourn the loss of his loved one and does not see his action immature. To him â€Å"maturity† in the sense of being able to put a lost one out of one’s mind would be a wasteful, soul deadening thing(Kelly, pg. 2). Imagery supports the emotional qualities of Poe. With the use of this technique he is able to remember her visually. He uses elements like the moon and stars and associate them with her bright eyes. These visual imageries allows him to keep her memories alive in his life. â€Å"Poe mentions the moon and stars in which he observes the bright eyes of his dear Annabel. His love becomes not just something to feel or imagine but to see†.(Johnson pg.4) The poet mentions the moon and the star in which he observes â€Å"the bright eyes† of his dear Annabel. â€Å"For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes o... Free Essays on Annabel Lee Edgar Allen Poe’s use of imagery through out the poem â€Å"Annabel Lee† is highly perceivable. His strong use of images can guide you right through this poem. This particular poem starts off with a man looking back on his life as a child, falling in love with the girl of his dreams. Right here the rhythm of the poem is set at a very even pace. Poe writes about â€Å"a kingdom by the sea,† meaning how happy the speaker is and how perfect his life is with the girl. The speaker in this poem is a man who is madly in love. One can easily picture a beautiful castle by the ocean as two children are falling in love, but if you look deeper you can see that â€Å"a kingdom by the sea† really means the state of love that the boy was in (lines 23 and 24). He also says that Annabel Lee lived with no other thought â€Å"than to love and be loved by me.† This means that he was saying that she lived for him and he lived for her. By this I mean that the two of them were placed on this earth solely for the benefit of each other. With out sharing love between the two, neither of them could exist. Clearly the age if the bride did not matter since she was extremely young. Picture two children laughing, playing and having so much fun with each other that they immediately fall in love, as children. When they married she was only about twelve or thirteen. He also said that the angels themselves were jealous of the relationship if him and Annabel Lee. He felt that the angels were not happy, because of the envy for the love that they shared for each other. He says, â€Å"the winged seraph’s of heaven coveted her and me.† A seraph is a fiery angel who protects Gods throne. In a way he was saying his love was more perfect than Gods. When Annabel Lee dies you can see her highborn kinsman or â€Å"angels†, come down and carry her away from him. Then she was placed in a sepulchre. A sepulchre is a tomb that is very similar to the shrines devoted... Free Essays on Annabel Lee The poem â€Å"Annabel Lee† by Edgar Allen Poe depicts the deep anguish of a man who has lost the love of his life. Using poetic elements such as imagery and sensory perception, Poe illustrates a fairytale-like romance that is tragically cut short, perceivably by envious angels in heaven. The language and tone of the poem vividly shows the narrator’s resentment towards the cruel forces that took his love away and simultaneously exemplifies a love so strong that it transcends all things. The voice of the poem is that of a man who is struggling with feelings of bitterness and pain because of the death of his love, Annabel Lee. The story seems to be told years after the death of the young maiden, â€Å"It was many and many a year ago†, yet the tone of voice allows us to see how fresh the pain still is to the man. Because there are many references to the sea (the kingdom was by the sea and she was buried by the sea), the speaker appears to be someone who has a connection to and a love for the ocean and nature (despite the fact that it is a steady reminder, or maybe even the actual cause of her death). The reference to â€Å"the demons down under the sea†, seem to suggest this (perhaps Annabel Lee had drowned). The speaker, however, is convinced that something much more disturbing and complex has taken place: a conspiracy by the covetous and jealous angels in Heaven has taken away his love. (He fills the need to place blame somewhere.) He is angry, yet de termined, even though Annabel Lee is physically gone, to be with his love, in spirit, forever â€Å"And neither the angels in heaven above, Nor the demons down under the sea, Can ever dissever my soul from the soul Of the beautiful Annabel Lee†. Although it has been many years ago since her death, everything reminds the speaker of his love, â€Å"For the moon never beams, without bringing me dreams of the beautiful Annabel Lee; And the stars never rise, but I feel the bright eyes of the beaut...

Critically evaluate the legal options and administrative processes Essay

Critically evaluate the legal options and administrative processes that could be used to reduce the impact that environmental noise can have on the health and - Essay Example Burns (1973) affirmed this viewpoint. He believed that an individual’s performance in their workplace is reduced drastically because they have an inability to concentrate. Consequently, such persons develop psychological stress which is manifested by frequent outbursts and dissatisfaction. The Department of Environment (1994) explain how sleep disturbances are mainly felt at night rather than during the day. Porter et al (2000) demonstrated the relationship between awakenings and noise from aircrafts. Berglund et al (2000) deduced that frequent use of sleeping pills and higher mental hospital admissions could originate from high levels of noise. Research by Meister and Donatelle (2000) explained how people who are exposed to aircraft noise have higher chances of heart disease and other physical health conditions. The Dutch Environmental Consultants (2007) did a survey in Europe and found that 50% of European residents are subjected to noise from the transport sector. The group provided links between traffic noise and residents’ health. Over 200,000 cases of heart diseases are as a result of exposure to transport noise and a quarter of these cases result in death. (The Dutch Environmental Consultants, 2007) There is also a lot of money spent on health services due to transport noise. It reached the tune of 40 Billion euros per year. (The Dutch Environmental Consultants, 2007) HUD (2004) realised that the type of construction equipment adversely affect the level of annoyance felt by nearby residents; some equipments and appliances were too noisy. At the same time, it is also possible to cause noise through the type of techniques used in design of buildings. Neighbours get affected by noise from their counterparts when construction material used for the house has low acoustic designs. MORI (2003) found that approximately thirty percent of all residents in London consider noise emitted by their neighbours a nuisance. Furthermore, houses with poor

Developmental Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Developmental Psychology - Essay Example some people had turned out not to be extraordinarily uncomfortable or disagreeable, thereby tending to suggest that the theory of midlife crisis as a â€Å"universal age-related stage† is a myth. The text categorically states that most of the adults who go through some sort of crisis at this stage suffer from general psychopathological problems. Aside from this, adults experience some sort of fundamental change characterized by generativity at some point in their lives, but nothing approaching a universal crisis-level event. The transition rather takes the form of unique challenges and issues, which may be successfully negotiated by ego resilience. The age at which these transitions occur is not predictable, as such transition does not seem to be age-related (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008). Some people may experience midlife crisis while others may not because individuals deal with the challenges and issues in different ways. Midlife crisis may be different for men and women. Women tend to perform the role of â€Å"kinkeeper† (one who keeps the family together), and therefore would experience midlife crisis more when the older generation becomes dependent and dies, or the younger generation become adults and leave the family home. Women tend to feel the crisis more with respect to their children, and men with respect to their parents. The changes are biological, sociological and psychological. Women experience the climacteric, a biological process during which menopause takes place. Men’s biological changes are more gradual. The hormonal changes cause responses in people’s psychological makeup. The changes for both genders are likewise sociological, because both men and women redefine their roles, in accordance with their cultural background, together with the loss of responsibility to children and to parents who pass on. (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008:493). Question 2--- Drawing upon material from the text, respond to the following questions: How have workplace

Acid- Base Titration Lab Essay Example for Free

Acid- Base Titration Lab Essay 1. When the end point is reached in an acid-base titration, the relationship between the concentrations of OH- and H3O+ are that they are equal. This doesn’t mean that the pH will be neutral, but the concentrations of both will be the same in a titration. 2. The pH of the end point is determined by what kind of indicator is used to indicate when the end point I reached. In this experiment, phenolphthalein was used. It shows a color change in the presence of a base, which means that our solution had to be slightly basic for it to turn a pink-purple color. So, the type of indicator used for the experiment will overall determine the pH of the end point because some indicators turn a different color in the presence of an acid and others in the presence of a base. 3. Regardless of the amount of water that is used to dissolve the unknown acid, the amount of moles would not change. This is because when you are diluting a solution, you are affecting the volume of the solution, but not the number of moles present in the solution. So, in this experiment when 40cm3, 35 cm3 and 45 cm3 could have been used to dissolve the unknown acid and the number of moles would not be different. 4. If the unknown acid ad been diprotic, then the mole-to-mole ratio between the acid and NaOH would have been 2:1, the molarity and normality would have been 0.180, the number of equivalents would have been two and not one, the number of moles of the unknown acid would have been 0.0090mol instead of 0.0045mol, and the molar mass of the acid would have been 220. Therefore, if the unknown acid had been diprotic everything would have been doubled. Conclusion: In this experiment, an acid-base titration was used to determine the molarity of a NaOH solution, the number of moles of NaOH that reacted with a different unknown acid, and the molar mass of this unknown acid. This was done by making the concentrations of 0.10M HCl and NaOH equal to determine the molarity of NaOH which is 0.091M. We then found that 0.0045mol of NaOH reacted with a different unknown acid by using the molarity of NaOH and the volume of NaOH that we used to titrate with the unknown acid. Since the mole-to-mole ratio of NaOH and the unknown acid were 1:1, we could use the same number of moles, 0.0045mol, for the acid to determine if molar mass. This was completed by using 0.0045mol and the mass in grams of the acid we used, which was 0.983g. By doing this we discovered that the molar mass of our acid was 220. By doing an acid-base titration

The Advantages Of Myeg Service Providers Information Technology Essay

The Advantages Of Myeg Service Providers Information Technology Essay as government service provider, they provides some services to public such as provides e-services from government department an agencies, example, JPJ (Road Transportation  Department) on driving licenses and road tax renewal with insurances. They are also provides services for PDRM (Royal  Malaysia  Police Department) with payment of Summons and inquiry, MyEG also includes with Department of Insolvency where public can notes on liquidation search and bankruptcy. In certain cities, such as Kuala Lumpur City Council (DBKL) on payment, compound inquiry, and assessment and some of government department, state  registration  office (JPN) for identification card (myKad) replacement services, and Immigration Department of  Malaysia on renewal of foreign worker and maids. MyEG service provider also provides services to semi-government department such as Tenaga Nasional and Telekom Malaysia on bill payment and inquiry. Road Tax Renewal and Auto Insurance To attract public attentions, MyEG is giving discounts for Insurance and Road Tax of 30%. Besides that, MyEG agents will send the road tax to house, without service of charge, absolute free. Once being chosen as MyEG VIP Customer, you can always call MyEG customer service and will give the customer individual support in customer vehicle (Malaysian registered vehicle with JPJ) problems. This would include assistance in making any insurance claims, providing assistance to request for discounts in any JPJ or PDRM summons. The customer will also get benefits of VIP member promotions and privileges from time to time. During the renewal process, Road Transportation  Department (JPJ) online service will check any outstanding summons and blacklist records at both JPJ and PDRM database systems. In order to proceed with this renewal, it is necessary for you to settle all traffic offences recorded. The advantage of having online road tax renewal through access to the internet; it helps to com plete customers renewal comfortably at home or at the office. This service is time saving, hassle free, accessible and cost effective at any time. Many customer still doubt about online tax renewal, MyEG, it is safe and secure. The online Road Tax Renewal through MyEG Services Berhads website has been audited, verified and approved by Road Transportation  Department (JPJ) and Government. The Government has given the authorization for MyEG Services to provide the online renewal services. Every successful transaction will be issued with e-Services receipt. PDRM Summons PDRM (Royal  Malaysia  Police Department) has provides us free PDRM Alert service which will alert customer if they had any summons in the future. Normally, you may not receive any notice that you have been issued a summons until after a one month of grace period. Through this free service, we will inform you on any summons you may have via email. Once the transactions complete, the online summons payment will be processed within 48 hours from the time of the payment was made then only the summons is cleared. MyEG also provide the customer to view summons for free of charge even for behalf of other people. Every summons is being updated daily by PDRM. Payment/ transactions concept Credit cards A  credit card  is a miniature electronic  synthetic  card issued to customer as a payment system. It allows the customer to buy merchandise and services based on the customers usage agreement while purchasing merchandise and services. The credit card concept is to allow the customer to pay or borrow money for transactions to a merchant as advance cash to the customers. When a purchase is made, the credit card user agrees to pay the card issuer. The cardholder indicates consent to pay by entering a.  personal identification number  (PIN) or by signing a  proof of payment  with a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid. Financial Process Exchange (FPX) Financial Process Exchange (FPX) s a payment channel that allows you to make payment via online real-time through your current or savings account. All you need is an Internet banking account with any of FPX participating banks. It is simple, convenient and secure. E-cash MyEG is also allow their user to have e-cash transactions. It is just require the user to load some credit into MyEG account. The reality of E-cash is only slightly more complicated, and these complications make the transactions both secure and private. E-cash truly globalizes the economy, since the user can download money into his cyber-wallet in any currency desired. A merchant can accept any currency and convert it to local currency when the cyber cash is uploaded to the bank account. To the extent a user wants E-cash off-line all that is necessary is smart card technology. The money is loaded onto the smartcard, and special electronic wallets are used to offload the money onto other smartcards or directly to an on-line system. Smartcards have been used successful in other countries for such transactions as phone calls for a number of years. The money could also be removed from a smartcard and returned to a bank account. Visa is developing a related product, the stored value card. This card comes in a variety of denominations, but functions more like a debit card than E-cash. In essence, E-cash combines the benefits of other transaction mediums. Thus, it is similar to debit/credit cards, but E-cash allows individuals to conduct transactions with each other. It is similar to personal checks, but it is feasible for very small transactions. While it appears superior to other forms, E-cash will not completely replace paper currency. Use of E-cash will require special hardware, and while most people will have access, not all will. However, E-cash presents special challenges for the existing middlemen of the current paper currency society. More and more, banks and other financial intermediaries will serve simply as storehouses for money, lenders, and processing/verifying electronic transactions. Personal interaction with a teller or even visits to a bank ATM will become obsolete. Disadvantages Even there is advantages on MyEG website, there is also has certain disadvantages. For many recent the customer has to call MyEG helpdesk, to get more information on how to solve the problem faced in MyEG website. MyEG website has also provides some solutions for the user to solve problem while doing transaction through online. The following are some of disadvantages. Payment rejected According to MyEG website, the customers frequently face the problem when making transactions whereas the payment gets rejected. There are few reasons where the payment gets rejected such as credit card problem or system error. The credit card may not work cause of due to credit card status. If the problems with system error cause by broken or time run out because server cannot be reach. It can also reason as the system is at fault to disruption of network or the entire system. Connection error The reason of connection error fault is also occur every time where the user gets blank page or error message forbidden 404. When this problem occurs, the customer has to call helpdesk for assistance to continue transactions. Thus is due to system intermittence error. Sometimes the system is at fault due to disruption of network or the entire system Online fault Many of customer complaint on MyEG website that it is load slow. The reason is the server system facing heavy loads of traffic on the network or the entire system. Sometimes, the user gets an error message Connection is closed by server. This may happen because MyEG server may be down or maintenance works on. Updating Many of customer use MyEG website to pay their summons with Road Transportation Department (JPJ) and Royal Police Department (PDRM). They prefer to do so because it is ease and not to queue at payment tolls of each department. Because of updating, certain customer facing problem where the summonses taken down, the summonses from JPJ and PDRM will be on website for 2 weeks only from the date of the offence. If the summonses are not paid within this 2-week period, JPJ and PDRM will take down the summonses and you need to go to JPJ and PDRM counters to pay summonses. Payment concept Although MyEG provides the electronic payment concept, not all the services allow the same way to make payment. For example, My Card replacement has only one options of payment, credit cards. MyCard services MyEG also provides MyCard identification card service such as replacement or damage. This service, the customer still needs to go to the department for thumbprint and identification. The service is not very convenient to public because their still need to go to take at department counter to collect their identification card even after online transaction completed.

First impressions of Iago and Othello Essay

In the play Othello, our first impression suggests that Iago and Othello are portrayed as having somewhat opposite qualities. Iago is first shown to be false and pretentious. Even though he says â€Å"I will wear my heart upon my sleeve†, giving the impression that he shows all his emotions willingly, he is then shown to be quite secretive and deceitful, plotting against Othello, Casio and Rodriguo, emphasising his ambitious nature. Furthermore we get the impression that he is spiteful and racist, building up his hatred and jealousy towards Othello, â€Å"I hate the Moor†. We also get the impression that Iago is manipulative. Firstly, he promises Rodriguo Desdemona in return for his aid, luring him into his grasp using one of Rodriguo’s desires, â€Å"It cannot be long that Desdemona should continue her love to the Moor – put money in thy purse†. This effectively turns Rodriguo into a tool for Iago’s deeds. Following that, he uses his trust to manipulate Othello into becoming suspicious of Desdemona, and undermining his faith in his wife. Another one of Iago’s main features that we are presented with is that he is quite devious and cunning. He says himself: â€Å"I am not what I am†, and in his soliloquies he contemplates his cunning plans, â€Å"†¦ to plume up my will in double knavery. How? How? Let’s see†. Despite this, Othello still refers to him as â€Å"Honest Iago†. Othello, on the other hand, is shown to be a much more simple man, who is eloquent and much more admired. We get the impression that he looks for a sensible, balanced explanation for things. However his simple nature acts as a catalyst to produce many of his weaknesses. His lack of confidence in social situations causes him to become over-trusting and naà ¯ve, leading to his poor judgment. He does not suspect Iago at all, and overlooks the possibility that Iago may not be acting in Othello’s interest, referring to him as â€Å"A man †¦of honesty and trust†.

Sampling

SamplingSamplingis that portion ofstatisticalpractice concerned with the choice of an indifferent orrandomsubset of single observations within a population of persons intended to give some cognition about thepopulationof concern, particularly for the intents of doing anticipations based onstatistical illation. Sampling is an of import facet ofdata collection.AL The three chief advantages of trying are that the cost is lower, informations aggregation is faster, and since the information set is smaller it is possible to guarantee homogeneousness and to better the truth and quality of the informations. Eachobservationmeasures one or more belongingss ( such as weight, location, colour ) of discernible organic structures distinguished as independent objects or persons. Insurvey sampling, study weights can be applied to the informations to set for thesample design. Results fromprobability theoryandstatistical theoryare employed to steer pattern.ProcedureThe sampling procedure comprises several phases: * Specifying the population of concern * Stipulating asampling frame, asetof points or events possible to mensurate * Stipulating asampling methodfor choosing points or events from the frame * Determining the sample size * Implementing the sampling program * Sampling and informations roll uping * Reviewing the sampling procedurePopulation definitionSuccessful statistical pattern is based on focussed job definition. In trying, this includes specifying thepopulationfrom which our sample is drawn. A population can be defined as including all people or points with the characteristic one want to understand. Because there is really seldom adequate clip or money to garner information from everyone or everything in a population, the end becomes happening a representative sample ( or subset ) of that population. Although the population of involvement frequently consists of physical objects, sometimes we need to try over clip, infinite, or some combination of these dimensions. For case, an probe of supermarket staffing could analyze check-out procedure line length at assorted times, or a survey on endangered penguins might take to understand their use of assorted runing evidences over clip. For the clip dimension, the focal point may be on periods or distinct occasions.Sampling frameIn the most straightforward instance, such as the sentencing of a batch of stuff from production ( credence sampling by tonss ) , it is possible to place and mensurate every individual point in the population and to include any one of them in our sample. However, in the more general instance this is non possible. There is no manner to place all rats in the set of all rats. Not all frames explicitly list population elements. For illustration, a street map can be used as a frame for a door-to-door study ; although i t does n't demo single houses, we can choose streets from the map and so see all houses on those streets. The sampling frame must be representative of the population and this is a inquiry outside the range of statistical theory demanding the judgement of experts in the peculiar capable affair being studied. All the above frames omit some people who will vote at the following election and incorporate some people who will non ; some frames will incorporate multiple records for the same individual. Peoples non in the frame have no chance of being sampled. Statistical theory Tells us about the uncertainnesss in generalizing from a sample to the frame. In generalizing from frame to population, its function is motivational and implicative. A frame may besides supply extra ‘auxiliary information ‘ about its elements ; when this information is related to variables or groups of involvement, it may be used to better study design.Probability and non chance tryingAprobability samplingscheme is one in which every unit in the population has a opportunity ( greater than zero ) of being selected in the sample, and this chance can be accurately determined. The combination of these traits makes it possible to bring forth indifferent estimations of population sums, by burdening sampled units harmonizing to their chance of choice. Probability trying includes: Simple Random Sampling, Systematic Sampling, and Stratified Sampling, Probability Proportional to Size Sampling, and Cluster or Multistage Sampling. These assorted ways of chance trying have two things in common: 1. Every component has a known nonzero chance of being sampled and 2. Involves random choice at some point. Nonprobability samplingis any sampling method where some elements of the population havenochance of choice, or where the chance of choice ca n't be accurately determined. It involves the choice of elements based on premises sing the population of involvement, which forms the standard for choice. Hence, because the choice of elements is nonrandom, nonprobability sampling does non let the appraisal of trying mistakes. These conditions place bounds on how much information a sample can supply about the population. Information about the relationship between sample and population is limited, doing it hard to generalize from the sample to the population. Nonprobability Sampling includes: Accidental Sampling, Quota SamplingandPurposive Sampling. In add-on, nonresponse effects may turnanyprobability design into a nonprobability design if the features of nonresponse are non good understood, since nonresponse efficaciously modifies each component ‘s chance of being sampled.Sampling methodsWithin any of the types of frame identified above, a assortment of trying methods can be employed, separately or in combination. Factors normally act uponing the pick between these designs include: * Nature and quality of the frame * Availability of subsidiary information about units on the frame * Accuracy demands, and the demand to mensurate truth * Whether detailed analysis of the sample is expected * Cost/operational concernsSimple random tryingIn asimple random sample ( ‘SRS ‘ ) of a given size, all such subsets of the frame are given an equal chance. Each component of the frame therefore has an equal chance of choice: the frame is non subdivided or partitioned. Furthermore, any givenpairof elements has the same opportunity of choice as any other such brace ( and likewise for three-base hits, and so on ) . This minimises prejudice and simplifies analysis of consequences. In peculiar, the discrepancy between single consequences within the sample is a good index of discrepancy in the overall population, which makes it comparatively easy to gauge the truth of consequences. However, SRS can be vulnerable to trying mistake because the entropy of the choice may ensue in a sample that does n't reflect the make-up of the population. For case, a simple random sample of 10 people from a given state willon averageproduce five work forces and five adult females, but any given test is likely to overrepresent one sex and underrepresent the other. SRS may besides be cumbrous and boring when trying from an remarkably big mark population. In some instances, research workers are interested in research inquiries specific to subgroups of the population. For illustration, research workers might be interested in analyzing whether cognitive ability as a forecaster of occupation public presentation is every bit applicable across racial groups. SRS can non suit the demands of research workers in this state of affairs because it does non supply subsamples of the population.Systematic samplingSystematic samplingrelies on set uping the mark population harmonizing to some telling strategy and so choosing elements at regular intervals through that ordered list. Systematic trying involves a random start and so returns with the choice of everykth component from so onwards. In this instance, k= ( population size/sample size ) . It is of import that the starting point is non automatically the first in the list, but is alternatively indiscriminat ely chosen from within the first to thekth component in the list. Equally long as the get downing point israndomized, systematic sampling is a type ofprobability sampling. It is easy to implement and thestratificationinduced can do it efficient, ifthe variable by which the list is ordered is correlated with the variable of involvement. However, systematic sampling is particularly vulnerable to cyclicities in the list. If cyclicity is present and the period is a multiple or factor of the interval used, the sample is particularly likely to beunrepresentative of the overall population, doing the strategy less accurate than simple random sampling. Another drawback of systematic sampling is that even in scenarios where it is more accurate than SRS, its theoretical belongingss make it hard toquantifythat truth. Systematic sampling is an EPS method, because all elements have the same chance of choice.Stratified samplingWhere the population embraces a figure of distinguishable classs, the frame can be organized by these classs into separate â€Å" strata. † Each stratum is so sampled as an independent sub-population, out of which single elements can be indiscriminately selected. There are several possible benefits to stratified sampling. First, spliting the population into distinguishable, independent strata can enable research workers to pull illations about specific subgroups that may be lost in a more generalised random sample. Second, using a graded sampling method can take to more efficient statistical estimations ( provided that strata are selected based upon relevancy to the standard in inquiry, alternatively of handiness of the samples ) . Even if a graded sampling attack does non take to increased statistical efficiency, such a maneuver will non ensue in less efficiency than would simple random sampling, provided that each stratum is relative to the group ‘s size in the population. Third, it is sometimes the instance that informations are more readily available for single, preexistent strata within a population than for the overall population ; in such instances, utilizing a graded sampling attack may be more convenient than aggregating informations across groups ( though this may potentially be at odds with the antecedently noted importance of using criterion-relevant strata ) . Finally, since each stratum is treated as an independent population, different trying attacks can be applied to different strata, potentially enabling research workers to utilize the attack best suited ( or most cost-efficient ) for each identified subgroup within the population. A graded sampling attack is most effectual when three conditions are met 1. Variability within strata are minimized 2. Variability between strata are maximized 3. The variables upon which the population is stratified are strongly correlated with the coveted dependant variable.Advantages over other trying methods1. Focuss on of import subpopulations and ignores irrelevant 1s. 2. Allows usage of different trying techniques for different subpopulations. 3. Improves the accuracy/efficiency of appraisal. 4. Licenses greater reconciliation of statistical power of trials of differences between strata by trying equal Numberss from strata changing widely in size.Disadvantages1. Requires choice of relevant stratification variables which can be hard. 2. Is non utile when there are no homogenous subgroups. 3. Can be expensive to implement.Probability proportional to size samplingIn some instances the sample interior decorator has entree to an â€Å" subsidiary variable † or â€Å" size step † , believed to be correlated to the variable of involvement, for each component in the population. This information can be used to better truth in sample design. One option is to utilize the subsidiary variable as a footing for stratification, as discussed above. Another option is probability-proportional-to-size ( ‘PPS ‘ ) sampling, in which the choice chance for each component is set to be relative to its size step, up to a upper limit of 1. In a simple PPS design, these choice chances can so be used as the footing forPoisson trying. However, this has the drawbacks of variable sample size, and different parts of the population may still be over- or under-represented due to opportunity fluctuation in choices. To turn to this job, PPS may be combined with a systematic attack. The PPS attack can better truth for a given sample size by concentrating sample on big elements that have the greatest impact on population estimations. PPS sampling is normally used for studies of concerns, where component size varies greatly and subsidiary information is frequently available – for case, a study trying to mensurate the figure of guest-nights spent in hotels might utilize each hotel ‘s figure of suites as an subsidiary variable. In some instances, an older measuring of the variable of involvement can be used as an subsidiary variable when trying to bring forth more current estimations.Bunch tryingSometimes it is cheaper to ‘cluster ‘ the sample in some manner e.g. by choosing respondents from certain countries merely, or certain time-periods merely. ( About all samples are in some sense ‘clustered ‘ in clip – although this is seldom taken into history in the analysis. ) Cluster samplingis an illustration of ‘two-stage trying ‘ or ‘multistage trying ‘ : in the first phase a sample of countries is chosen ; in the 2nd phase a sample of respondentswithinthose countries is selected. This can cut down travel and other administrative costs. It besides means that one does non necessitate asampling framelisting all elements in the mark population. Alternatively, bunchs can be chosen from a cluster-level frame, with an element-level frame created merely for the selected bunchs. Cluster trying by and large increases the variableness of sample estimations above that of simple random sampling, depending on how the bunchs differ between themselves, as compared with the within-cluster fluctuation. However, some of the disadvantages of bunch trying are the trust of sample estimation preciseness on the existent bunchs chosen. If bunchs chosen are biased in a certain manner, illations drawn about population parametric quantities from these sample estimations will be far off from being accurate.Matched random tryingA method of delegating participants to groups in which brace of participants are foremost matched on some characteristic and so separately assigned indiscriminately to groups. The process for matched random sampling can be briefed with the following contexts, * Two samples in which the members are clearly paired, or are matched explicitly by the research worker. For illustration, IQ measurings or braces of indistinguishable twins. * Those samples in which the same property, or variable, is measured twice on each topic, under different fortunes. Normally called perennial steps. Examples include the times of a group of jocks for 1500m before and after a hebdomad of particular preparation ; the milk outputs of cattles before and after being fed a peculiar diet.Quota tryingInquota sampling, the population is foremost segmented intomutually exclusivesub-groups, merely as instratified sampling. Then judgement is used to choose the topics or units from each section based on a specified proportion. For illustration, an interviewer may be told to try 200 females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60. It is this 2nd measure which makes the technique one of non-probability sampling. In quota trying the choice of the sample is non-random. For illustration interviewers might be tempted to interview those who look most helpful. The job is that these samples may be biased because non everyone gets a opportunity of choice. This random component is its greatest failing and quota versus chance has been a affair of contention for many old agesConvenience samplingConvenience samplingis a type of nonprobability trying which involves the sample being drawn from that portion of the population which is close to manus. That is, a sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. The research worker utilizing such a sample can non scientifically do generalisations about the entire population from this sample because it would non be representative plenty. For illustration, if the interviewer was to carry on such a study at a shopping centre early in the forenoon on a given twenty-four hours, the people that he/she could interview would be limited to those given there at that given clip, which would non stand for the positions of other members of society in such an country, if the study was to be conducted at different times of twenty-four hours and several times per hebdomad. This type of trying is most utile for pilot proving. Several of import considerations for research workers utilizing convenience samples include: * Are at that place controls within the research design or experiment which can function to decrease the impact of a non-random, convenience sample whereby guaranting the consequences will be more representative of the population? * Is at that place good ground to believe that a peculiar convenience sample would or should react or act otherwise than a random sample from the same population? * Is the inquiry being asked by the research 1 that can adequately be answered utilizing a convenience sample?Panel samplingPanel samplingis the method of first choosing a group of participants through a random trying method and so inquiring that group for the same information once more several times over a period of clip. Therefore, each participant is given the same study or interview at two or more clip points ; each period of informations aggregation is called a â€Å" moving ridge † . This trying methodological analysis is frequently chosen for big graduated table or nation-wide surveies in order to estimate alterations in the population with respect to any figure of variables from chronic unwellness to occupation emphasis to weekly nutrient outgos. Panel sampling can besides be used to inform research workers about within-person wellness alterations due to age or aid explicate alterations in uninterrupted dependent variables such as bridal interaction. There have been se veral proposed methods of analysing panel sample informations, including MANOVA, growing curves, and structural equation patterning with lagged effects.Replacement of selected unitsSampling strategies may bewithout replacementorwith replacing. For illustration, if we catch fish, mensurate them, and instantly return them to the H2O before go oning with the sample, this is a WR design, because we might stop up catching and mensurating the same fish more than one time. However, if we do non return the fish to the H2O ( e.g. if we eat the fish ) , this becomes a WOR design.FormulasWhere the frame and population are indistinguishable, statistical theory outputs exact recommendations onsample size. However, where it is non straightforward to specify a frame representative of the population, it is more of import to understand thecause systemof which the population are results and to guarantee that all beginnings of fluctuation are embraced in the frame. Large Numberss of observations are o f no value if major beginnings of fluctuation are neglected in the survey. In other words, it is taking a sample group that matches the study class and is easy to study. Research Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journalthat provides an account of Cochran ‘s expression. A treatment and illustration of sample size expressions, including the expression for seting the sample size for smaller populations, is included. A tabular array is provided that can be used to choose the sample size for a research job based on three alpha degrees and a set mistake rate.Stairss for utilizing sample size tabular arraies1. Contend the consequence size of involvement, ? , and ? . 2. Check sample size tabular array 1. Choose the tabular array matching to the selected ? 2. Locate the row matching to the coveted power 3. Locate the column matching to the estimated consequence size 4. The intersection of the column and row is the minimal sample size required.Sampling and informations aggregationGood informations aggregation involves:* Following the defined sampling procedure * Keeping the information in clip order * Noting remarks and other contextual events * Recording non-responses Most sampling books and documents written by non-statisticians focused merely in the informations aggregation facet, which is merely a little though of import portion of the sampling procedure.Mistakes in researchThere are ever mistakes in a research. By trying, the entire mistakes can be classified into trying mistakes and non-sampling mistakes.Sampling mistakeSampling mistakes are caused by trying design. It includes: ( 1 ) Choice mistake: Incorrect choice chances are used.( 2 ) Appraisal mistake: Biased parametric quantity estimation because of the elements in these samples.Non-sampling mistakeNon-sampling mistakes are caused by the errors in informations processing. It includes: ( 1 ) Overcoverage: Inclusion of informations from exterior of the population.( 2 ) Undercoverage: Sampling frame does non include elements in the population.( 3 ) Measurement mistake: The respondents misunderstand the inquiry.( 4 ) Processing mistake: Mistakes in informations cryptography. In many state of affairss the sample fraction may be varied by stratum and informations will hold to be weighted to right stand for the population. Thus for illustration, a simple random sample of persons in the United Kingdom might include some in distant Scots islands who would be extraordinarily expensive to try. A cheaper method would be to utilize a graded sample with urban and rural strata. The rural sample could be under-represented in the sample, but weighted up suitably in the analysis to counterbalance. More by and large, informations should normally be weighted if the sample design does non give each person an equal opportunity of being selected. For case, when families have equal choice chances but one individual is interviewed from within each family, this gives people from big families a smaller opportunity of being interviewed. This can be accounted for utilizing study weights. Similarly, families with more than one telephone line have a greater opportunity of being selected in a random figure dialing sample, and weights can set for this.

The Controversial Life Issue essays

The Controversial Life Issue essays Abortion is one of the most divisive issues in contemporary US history, perhaps even more so than homosexuality. (Ethics) No matter how a person may look at the situation they are either Pro-Life or Pro-Choice, unless they have mixed, or partial, feelings. Even if you have no preference, you are considered Pro-Choice! As we have left the 20th Century, the abortion statistics have risen and so has dissension, however, Pro-Choice should be the main standing among US citizens as we look at our rankings. In 54 countries, including the US, abortions are legal and in 97 countries, abortions are illegal. Each year there are 46 million abortions conducted through out the world. (Statistics) In the United States alone there are around 1,370,000 abortions practiced annually, according to the Alan Guttmacher Institute. Abortions have risen significantly in the last few years. In 2001, there were 1.31 million abortions in the US alone. When we look at the age factor of women who received these abortions, 52% were younger than 25 years old and 19% were teenagers. The abortion rate is highest for those women aged 18 to 19. (Statistics) So how does someone know if they are Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, or in between? As for being Pro-Life, the person believes that as of conception the embryo or fetus is alive and should not be killed, or in other words have an abortion. (Pro) It is equally heinous intentionally to kill a human being in existence at fertilization, as to kill a larger pre-born child. (Abortion) If a person chooses to be Pro-Choice, they believe that a womans body is her responsibility and she should make her own choices without government interference, except for maybe age. (Pro) Reproductive freedom-the fundamental right of every individual to decide freely and responsibly when and whether to have a child-is a reaffirmation of the principle of individual liberty cherished by most people world...

Serial Killers Essays - Murder, Psychopathy, Crime, Serial Killer

Serial Killers Essays - Murder, Psychopathy, Crime, Serial Killer Serial Killers I didnt want to hurt them, I only wanted to kill them. This is a quote from David Berkowitz, A.K.A., the Son of Sam. David Berkowitz and all of the other serial killers tend to think in unique ways. This paper will talk to you about characteristics, motives, different phases, and the correlation between behavior and aggression. Serial killers like everyone else have certain characteristics that set them apart. To be considered a bonafied serial killer you must murder at least three to four people with a cooling off period between each murder. These killings are usually one on one and are repetitive, occurring with greater or lesser frequency over time (Characteristics of Serial Murder). Serial killers usually dont have a connection with the victim and they very rarely if ever have a rational motive. The serial killer likes to murder people in the same pattern, usually with a high degree of overkill. This degree of overkill sets them a part from different serial killers. Serial murderers also have different motives for their murders. One of the most obvious is that they turn to murdering for a sense of power (Forwood). For this sense of power they usually attack societies weakest members and those weaker than themselves (Forwood). This includes the homeless, impaired, and usually the young of both sexes. When they kill the homeless and impaired they are usually acting on the Missionary Motive. This is when they feel that it is their responsibility to rid society of its unwanted inhabitants. There are also Visionary killers which are usually instructed to kill by the voices that are in their head (schizophrenia). The last type of these motives is the Hedonist. They kill because it brings them the pleasure to do so. This group is separated into three sub-categories which are lust killers, thrill killers and gain killers. Lust killers kill for sexual pleasure. They are usually sexually underdeveloped and they kill for sexual gratification. Thrill killers kill people because it brings them a rush. These types of hedonists usually kill a lot more because they are addicted to this rush. Gain killers always kill people for some type of gain. This is usually money but it can also be something like a job promotion. Another point of a Serial Killer is that their mind is constantly going through one of their seven phases. The first of these phases is the Aura Phase. This is the part where the killer daydreams about death and destruction. After awhile these demented fantasies usually have the urge to be acted upon. This leads into the second stage which is the Trolling Phase. In the Trolling Phase the serial killer tries to find the perfect victim for their needs. They usually tend to look in school yards or lovers lanes or even red light districts. This might go on for hours days and sometimes even months, until the perfect victim will be found . This will begin the Wooing Phase. Serial killers usually act very debonair to get their victims to trust them. After the Wooing Stage comes the Capture Stage. This is where the killer reveals what he is. He may draw you into his car where theres no door handle for you to get out. This is disturbingly fun for them and is included in their sick sadistic game. Then comes the climax, the Murder Stage. They may just decide to kill you, but sometimes, they will decide to torture you to death, try to revive you on the brink of death to torture you more (Scott). The sixth stage is the Totem Stage. This phase is where the killer will take a memoir of you. It might include your jewelry or clothes or even a piece of your body. After this, comes the seventh and final phase which is Depression. There is great emotional let down for the killer. They may even become so depressed as to attempt suicide. But sooner or later they will start day dreaming more and this whole cycle will keep repeating itself until the killer is either caught or dies (Characteristics of Serial Murder). There is also some correlation between behavior and aggression in serial killers. This means that as a child, serial killers experience the same childhood difficulties. Nearly all serial killers have gone through one of the Terrible Triad. The Terrible Triad includes bedwetting, sadistic abuse of animals and pyromania. Many serial killers as

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 38

Case Study Example More importantly, companies adopt distinct financial strategies depending on the status of the company (Fischer, Taylor and Cheng 34). Publicly-listed and private companies have different mode of operations, particularly on the decision-making mechanism. Since its establishment in 1976, Apple Inc. has grown tremendously. Currently, the company has a presence in more than fourteen countries. Retail stores for Apple products in these countries numbers at 394. The company is publicly listed and is valued at about 414 billion dollars, making it the second biggest corporation in the trade in terms of market capitalization. The Forbes magazine recognized Apple in 2008 as being one of the most admired cooperation in the US. In 2013, the corporation was listed among the best ten corporations of the fortune 500 list of companies. These recognitions have helped the corporation to increase the sales of its major product, the iPhone. Apple Inc can invest in securities in order to raise money for their financial obligations. Securities are held by firms and later sold for a short-term earnings. The trading securities are normally accounted at the fair market value where gains and losses are reported on the income statements. Such securities are not met by maintaining the gains or losses on the income statement. Further, the counter account on the balance sheet is the stipend for the accustomed short-term savings to the market. The accounting for ‘available-for-sale securities’ is largely similar to the accounting in the trading securities (Fischer, Taylor and Cheng 28). Nonetheless, there exists a difference regarding the recognition of the changes in the value. The changes in value for the trading securities are posted on the operating income. The ‘available for sale’ securities are posted in the special account that is regarded as ‘†unrealized gain/loss in other comprehensi ve income†.

Fredrick Douglas' Experiences with Learning to Read, Write, and Life Essay

Fredrick Douglas' Experiences with Learning to Read, Write, and Life After Slavery - Essay Example Douglas underwent rigorous struggle in order to educate himself first out of curiosity and then out of appreciation for education. He realized early on that the real way out of slavery’s clutches was to educate himself so that he could defend his claim to freedom. As per Douglas, the book Columbian Orator impressed him at an early age and left a sizable impression on him. Douglas seems highly taken back at the tender age of twelve by the ideas presented in the book especially in connection of the slave and master argument presented in the text (Douglas). This interaction with knowledge especially Douglas’s interaction with Columbian Orator can be seen as the defining moment in his life because it is then that Douglas realizes that a slave can match up to a free man. Given also the fact that the slave out maneuvers his master through argument (that is an application of knowledge) Douglas was impressed with this method to resolve the slavery problem. On a personal scale D ouglas is liberated and free as soon as he realizes that his freedom lies with no one else but his own intellectual capabilities. This realization is enough to transform Douglas from a poor oppressed slave to someone who can stand up for his rights. While Douglas was progressing on intellectual fronts, he was confronted with opposition from the very person who had initiated his learning in the first place. Douglas was taught the alphabet by his master’s wife who tended to treat him as an equal human being. However, after repeated warnings from Douglas’s master, his mistress began to distance herself from Douglas’s education till she became totally opposed to it. Initially she helped Douglas to learn the alphabet and to read a little but afterwards she would humiliate Douglas if he were caught with a newspaper, book or other such material even in his private time. Such behavior drove Douglas’s curiosity even further so that he solicited the help of white b oys his age in order to learn to read. Essentially the maltreatment meted out to Douglas due to his intellectual curiosity led Douglas to explore education as a means of liberation. It is at this point that Douglas begins to wonder if he will ever be given freedom (Douglas) and possibly it is at this point that Douglas begins to rely on intellect to claim and consummate his personal freedom. As Douglas’s life proceeded one of his masters Covey was bent upon breaking the spirit of the young Douglas through torture. Douglas would often receive beatings at the hands of Covey especially in the form of whipping when he was only sixteen years old. Rather than back down from his position as a teacher of other slaves and a proponent of freedom, Douglas chose to stand up to Covey. A physical show down between Covey and Douglas ensured that Covey would not touch Douglas for the rest of his life. The mere idea of equality as a human being was enough for Douglas to take onto his master g iven that such an action was taboo for its era. However, this does not indicate that Douglas became a rebellious character as his age progressed. Instead Douglas assumed a peaceful path that relied exclusively on education, knowledge and intellect in order to deliver himself and others like him from slavery. After claiming his freedom Douglas began an exciting career as an abolitionist and helped